Extension of British Paramountcy

British Paramountcy followed two-fold approach for Expansion and Consolidation of British power in India 

1. Policy of annexation by conquest or war
2. Policy of annexation by diplomacy and administrative mechanism

Under "Policy of annexation by diplomacy and administrative mechanism" head we would discuss three policies-

• Ring-fence Policy – Warren Hastings
• Subsidiary Alliance – Wellesley
• Doctrine of Lapse – Dalhousie

The Policy of Ring-Fence: 

• Aimed at creating buffer zones to defend the Company’s frontiers, it was the policy of defence of their neighbors’ frontiers for safeguarding their own territories.
• This policy of Warren Hastings was reflected in his war against the Marathas and Mysore.
• To safeguard Company’s territories was from the Afghan invaders and the Marathas, the Company undertook to organise the defence of the frontiers of Awadh on the condition that that the Nawab would defray the expenses of the defending army.
• The states brought under the ring-fence system were assured of military assistance against external aggression—but at their own expense.

Subsidiary Alliance: 

• Wellesley’s policy of subsidiary alliance was, in fact, an extension of the ring-fence system.
• Under the system, the allying Indian state’s ruler was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of a British force within his territory and to pay a subsidy for its maintenance. Also, the Indian ruler had to agree to the posting of a British resident in his court.
• Indian ruler could not employ any European in his service without the prior approval of the British. Nor could he negotiate with any other Indian ruler without consulting the governor-general.
• Original Idea of Subsidiary Alliance was of Lord Dupleix (French General).
• First state to fall into this trap: Hyderabad

States which accepted alliance: Hyderabad, Mysore, Tanjore, Awadh, Peshwa, Scindia.

Doctrine of Lapse: 

• Original idea of Raja Ranjit Singh.
• The adopted son could be the heir to his foster father’s private property, but not to the state. It is the power of British to decide either to bestow the state on the adopted son or to annex it.
• Though this policy is attributed to Lord Dalhousie (1848-56), he was not its originator.
• Annexed Lapsed States: Satara, Sambhalpur, Baghat, Udaipur, Nagpur, Jhansi, Awadh.